Relationship of Cholinesterase with Erythrocyte Index of Female Farmers in Vegetable Farming Area

Silvia Silvia; Elsa  Yuniarti; Nurhasan  Syah; Nabila  Azzahra

doi:10.21070/midwiferia.v11i1.1718

(1) * Silvia Silvia Universitas Fort De Kock Bukittinggi
Indonesia
(2) Elsa Yuniarti Universitas Negeri Padang
Indonesia
(3) Nurhasan Syah Universitas Negeri Padang
Indonesia
(4) Nabila Azzahra Universitas Negeri Padang
Indonesia
(*) Corresponding Author

DOI: https://doi.org/10.21070/midwiferia.v11i1.1718

Abstract

Reproductive and maternal health in female farmers, especially those exposed to pesticides, is an urgent issue in Indonesia. Pesticide exposure during agricultural activities can cause disorders in the reproductive system, pregnancy, and fetal development. This study aims to analyze the relationship between cholinesterase levels (an indicator of pesticide exposure) and erythrocyte indices (including Hb, MCV, MCH, and MCHC) in female farmers working in vegetable farming areas in Agam Regency, West Sumatra. A total of 33 female farmers divided into two groups, namely the pesticide-exposed group (17 people) and the control group (16 people), were used as research samples. The results showed that the group exposed to pesticides had lower cholinesterase levels than the control group, with a significant difference. In addition, there was a significant relationship between decreased cholinesterase levels and decreased MCHC and increased risk of anemia in the exposed group. This decrease in cholinesterase indicates the adverse effects of pesticide exposure on the hematological system, which has the potential to cause complications in reproductive health such as menstrual disorders, infertility, and pregnancy complications. Therefore, this study provides important evidence regarding the need for better health screening for female farmers in agricultural areas. Routine monitoring of cholinesterase levels and erythrocyte indices can be an effective preventive measure in protecting the reproductive and maternal health of women working in the agricultural sector.

References

Abbasi-Jorjandi, M., Asadikaram, G., Abolhassani, M., Fallah, H., Abdollahdokht, D., Salimi, F., ... & Pournamdari, M. (2020). Pesticide exposure and related health problems among family members of farmworkers in southeastern Iran. A case-control study. Environmental Pollution, 267, 115424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115424

Atinkut Asmare, B., Freyer, B., & Bingen, J. (2022). Women in agriculture: pathways of pesticide exposure, potential health risks and vulnerability in sub-Saharan Africa. Environmental Sciences Europe, 34(1), 89. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-022-00638-8

Bretveld, R.W., Thomas, C.M., Scheepers, P.T., Zielhuis, G.A., & Roeleveld, N. (2006). Pesticide exposure: the hormonal function of the female reproductive system disrupted?. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology, 4, 1-14.

Cestonaro, L.V., Garcia, S.C., Nascimento, S., Gauer, B., Sauer, E., Göethel, G., ... & Arbo, M.D. (2020). Biochemical, hematological and immunological parameters and relationship with occupational exposure to pesticides and metals. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 29291-29302. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09203-3

Chen, Y., Yang, Z., Nian, B., Yu, C., Maimaiti, D., Chai, M., ... & Xu, D. (2024). Mechanisms of Neurotoxicity of Organophosphate Pesticides and Their Relation to Neurological Disorders. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 2237-2254. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S479757

Dewi, YA, Yulianti, A., Hanifah, VW, Jamal, E., Sarwani, M., Mardiharini, M., ... & Harsanti, ES (2022). Farmers' knowledge and practice regarding good agricultural practices (GAP) on safe pesticide usage in Indonesia. Heliyon, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08708

Gonçalves, AM, Rocha, CP, Marques, JC, & Gonçalves, F.J. (2021). Enzymes as useful biomarkers to assess the response of freshwater communities to pesticide exposure–A review. Ecological Indicators, 122, 107303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.107303

Garmavy, HMS, Mohammed, AA, Rashid, HM, & Mohammad, FK (2023). A meta-analysis of normal human blood cholinesterase activities determined by a modified electrometric method. Journal of Medicine and Life, 16(1), 22. doi: 10.25122/jml-2022-0215

Gomes, D., Jesus, M., Rosa, R., Bandeira, C., & Costa, C.A.D. (2022). Women in family farming: Evidence from a qualitative study in two Portuguese inner regions. Frontiers in Sociology, 7, 939590. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2022.939590

Gardner, B., & Lally, P. (2023). Habit and habitual behavior. Health psychology review, 17(3), 490-496. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2022.2105249

Hoenemann, C., Ostendorf, N., Zarbock, A., Doll, D., Hagemann, O., Zimmermann, M., & Luedi, M. (2021). Reticulocyte and erythrocyte hemoglobin parameters for iron deficiency and anemia diagnostics in patient blood management. A narrative review. Journal of clinical medicine, 10(18), 4250. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10184250

Hassanin, N.M., Awad, O.M., El-Fiki, S., Abou-Shanab, R.A., Abou-Shanab, A.R., & Amer, R.A. (2018). Association between exposure to pesticides and disorders on hematological parameters and kidney function in male agricultural workers. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25, 30802-30807. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-8958-9

Hsia, C. C. (2021). Respiratory function of hemoglobin: from origin to human physiology and pathophysiology. Cardiopulmonary Monitoring: Basic Physiology, Tools, and Bedside Management for the Critically Ill, 635-651. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73387-2_40

Jiménez-Penago, G., Hernández-Mendo, O., González-Garduño, R., Torres-Hernández, G., Torres-Chablé, O.M., & Maldonado-Simán, E. (2021). Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration as haematological marker to detect changes in red blood cells in sheep infected with Haemonchus contortus. Veterinary Research Communications, 45(4), 189-197. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11259-021-09800-8

Kori, R.K., Hasan, W., Jain, A.K., & Yadav, R.S. (2019). Cholinesterase inhibition and its association with hematological, biochemical and oxidative stress markers in chronic pesticide exposed agricultural workers. Journal of biochemical and molecular toxicology, 33(9), e22367. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbt.22367

Kumar, Y., Dogra, A., Kaushik, A., & Kumar, S. (2022). Progressive evaluation in spectroscopic sensors for non-invasive blood hemoglobin analysis—A review. Physiological Measurement, 43(2), 02TR02. DOI 10.1088/1361-6579/ac41b7

Komariah, N., & Nihayah, I. (2023). Improving the personality character of students through learning Islamic religious education. At-Tadzkir: Islamic Education Journal, 2(1), 65-77. https://doi.org/10.59373/attadzkir.v2i1.15

Khan, B.A., Nadeem, M.A., Nawaz, H., Amin, M.M., Abbasi, G.H., Nadeem, M., ... & Ayub, M.A. (2023). Pesticides: impacts on agricultural productivity, environment, and management strategies. In Emerging contaminants and plants: Interactions, adaptations and remediation technologies (pp. 109-134). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-22269-6_5

Leili, M., Ghafiuri-Khosroshahi, A., Poorolajal, J., Samiee, F., Smadi, M.T., & Bahrami, A. (2022). Pesticide residue levels as hematological biomarkers—a case study, blood serum of greenhouse workers in the city of Hamadan, Iran. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(25), 38450-38463. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17637-6

Lamangantjo, CJ, & Jannah, M. (2024). Strengthening Governance and Institutions of the Biopesticide Industry: An Innovative Strategy Towards Sustainable Agriculture in Gorontalo Regency. MOPOONUWA: Journal of Community Service, 1(3), 113-119.

Mdeni, N.L., Adeniji, AO, Okoh, A.I., & Okoh, O.O. (2022). Analytical evaluation of carbamate and organophosphate pesticides in human and environmental matrices: a review. Molecules, 27(3), 618. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27030618

Mohamed, YA, Meabed, MH, Abougaba, KM, Sayed, FA, Welson, NN, & Ibrahim, RE (2022). A comparative study: rural versus urban children as regard exposure to organophosphorus pesticides using cholinesterase enzyme activity. Beni-Suef University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 11(1), 6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43088-021-00190-z

Medithi, S., Kasa, Y.D., Jee, B., Kodali, V., & Jonnalagadda, P.R. (2022). Organophosphate pesticide exposure among farm women and children: Status of micronutrients, acetylcholinesterase activity, and oxidative stress. Archives of environmental & occupational health, 77(2), 109-124. https://doi.org/10.1080/19338244.2020.1854646

Okunade, K.S., Adejimi, A.A., Olumodeji, A.M., Olowe, A., Oyedeji, O.A., Ademuyiwa, IY, ... & Oluwole, A.A. (2024). Prenatal anemia and risk of postpartum haemorrhage: a cohort analysis of data from the Predict-PPH study. BMC public health, 24(1), 1028.

Partasasmita, R., Iskandar, BS, Nuraeni, S., & Iskandar, J. (2019). Impact of the green revolution on the gender's role in wet rice farming: A case study in Karangwangi Village, Cianjur District, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversity Journal of Biological Diversity, 20(1), 23-36. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d200104

Pérez-Guerrero, E.E., Guillén-Medina, M.R., Márquez-Sandoval, F., Vera-Cruz, J.M., Gallegos-Arreola, M.P., Rico-Méndez, M.A., ... & Gutiérrez-Hurtado, IA (2024). Methodological and statistical considerations for cross-sectional, case–control, and cohort studies. Journal of clinical medicine, 13(14), 4005. DOI: 10.3390/jcm13144005

Rivers, R. J., & Meininger, C. J. (2023). The tissue response to hypoxia: How therapeutic carbon dioxide moves the response toward homeostasis and away from instability. International journal of molecular sciences, 24(6), 5181. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24065181

Silman, I. (2021). The multiple biological roles of the cholinesterases. Progress in biophysics and molecular biology, 162, 41-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2020.12.001

Shammi, M., Sultana, A., Hasan, N., Rahman, MM, Islam, MS, Bodrud-Doza, M., & Uddin, MK (2020). Pesticide exposures towards health and environmental hazards in Bangladesh: A case study on farmers' perception. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences, 19(2), 161-173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssas.2018.08.005

Sepahi, S., Gerayli, S., Delirrad, M., Taghavizadeh Yazdi, M.E., Zare‐Zardini, H., Bushehri, B., & Ghorani‐Azam, A. (2023). Biochemical responses as early and reliable biomarkers of organophosphate and carbamate pesticides intoxication: A systematic literature review. Journal of biochemical and molecular toxicology, 37(3), e23285. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbt.23285

Saboor, M., Zehra, A., Hamali, H. A., & Mobarki, A. A. (2021). Revisiting Iron Metabolism, Iron Homeostasis and Iron Deficiency Anemia. Clinical Laboratory, 67(3), p660. DOI: 10.7754/Clin.Lab.2020.200742

Shah, A., Srivastava, S., & Chaturvedi, C. P. (2024). Biomolecular Components of Blood and Their Role in Health and Diseases. In Clinical Applications of Biomolecules in Disease Diagnosis: A Comprehensive Guide to Biochemistry and Metabolism (pp. 289-322). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-4723-8_12

Santana, M.S., Sandrini-Neto, L., Di Domenico, M., & Prodocimo, M.M. (2021). Pesticide effects on fish cholinesterase variability and mean activity: A meta-analytic review. Science of the Total Environment, 757, 143829. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143829

Sapbamrer, R., & Thammachai, A. (2020). Factors influencing use of personal protective equipment and pesticide safety practices: A systematic review. Environmental research, 185, 109444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.109444

Tahir, R., Ghaffar, A., Abbas, G., Turabi, TH, Kausar, S., Xiaoxia, D., ... & Abdelgayed, SS (2021). Pesticide induced hematological, biochemical and genotoxic changes in fish: a review. Agrobiological records, 3, 41-57. ttps://doi.org/10.47278/journal.abr/2021.005

Tudi, M., Daniel Ruan, H., Wang, L., Lyu, J., Sadler, R., Connell, D., ... & Phung, D.T. (2021). Agriculture development, pesticide application and its impact on the environment. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(3), 1112. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18031112

Wardhana, AK, & Ratnasari, RT (2022). Impact of Agricultural Land and the Output of Agricultural Products Moderated with Internet Users toward the Total export of Agricultural Products in Three Islamic South East Asian Countries. Iqtishodia: Journal of Sharia Economics, 7(2), 11-20. https://doi.org/10.35326/agribisnis.v6i1.2261

Zaller, J. G. (2020). What Is the Problem? Pesticides in Our Everyday Life. In: Daily Poison. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50530-1_1

Zhang, Z., Gao, S., Dong, M., Luo, J., Xu, C., Wen, W., ... & Yuan, Z. (2022). Relationship between red blood cell indices (MCV, MCH, and MCHC) and major adverse cardiovascular events in anemic and nonanemic patients with acute coronary syndrome. Disease Markers, 2022(1), 2193343. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2193343