Determinants of Anemia Occurance In Adolescent Girls
Keywords:
determinants, anemia, female adolescentsAbstract
Anemia among adolescent girls is a global health problem affecting physical health, academic performance, and well-being. Increased iron requirements during adolescence are often unmet due to poor dietary intake, irregular menstruation, low adherence to iron supplementation, limited physical activity, and unfavorable socioeconomic conditions. This study aimed to analyze the association between these factors and anemia among adolescent girls in Pekalongan Regency and to identify the most influential factor. A quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted with 190 respondents selected through cluster random sampling. Data were collected using questionnaires and digital hemoglobin measurements and analyzed using univariate, Chi-square, and multiple logistic regression tests. Most respondents had poor dietary intake (77.9%), irregular menstruation (68.9%), low adherence to iron tablets (60.5%), insufficient physical activity (74.7%), and low socioeconomic status (52.1%). More than half (54.2%) were anemic. Bivariate tests found that all variables were significantly related to the prevalence of anemia (p<0.05). With a 95% CI The results showed dietary pattern (OR=19.194), menstrual pattern (OR=8.910), Fe tablet consumption (OR=4.517), physical activity (OR=3.585), and economic status (OR=5.161). Multivariate analysis identified dietary pattern as the most dominant factor associated with anemia (OR=19.194; p<0.001). Dietary habits are the strongest determinant of anemia among adolescent girls. Prevention efforts should prioritize balanced nutrition, reproductive health education, improved adherence to iron supplementation, regular physical activity, and awareness of affordable nutritious foods.
References
Aji, R. D., & Kurniawati, H. F. (2024). Hubungan Tingkat Kepatuhan Minum Tablet Fe Dengan Kejadian Anemia Pada Siswi MA Jamilurrahman Bantul. 2.
Almatsier, S. (2016). Prinsip Dasar Ilmu Gizi (Kesembilan). PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
Anjarwati, A., & Ruqoiyah, S. (2020). Obedience Of Iron Tablet Consumption Reduces Risk Of Anemia Among Indonesian Female Adolescents. Journal Of Health Technology Assessment In Midwifery, 3(1), Article 1. Https://Doi.Org/10.31101/Jhtam.1345
Ayupir, A. (2021). Pendidikan Kesehatan Dan Terapi Tablet Zat Besi (Fe) Terhadap Hemoglobin Remaja Putri.
Budiarti, A., Anik, S., & Wirani, N. P. G. (2021). Studi Fenomenologi Penyebab Anemia Pada Remaja Di Surabaya. Jurnal Kesehatan Mesencephalon, 6(2), Article 2. Https://Doi.Org/10.36053/Mesencephalon.V6i2.246
Chaput, J.-P., Willumsen, J., Bull, F., Chou, R., Ekelund, U., Firth, J., Jago, R., Ortega, F. B., & Katzmarzyk, P. T. (2020). 2020 WHO Guidelines On Physical Activity And Sedentary Behaviour For Children And Adolescents Aged 5–17 Years: Summary Of The Evidence. International Journal Of Behavioral Nutrition And Physical Activity, 17(1), 141. Https://Doi.Org/10.1186/S12966-020-01037-Z
Chung, A., Vieira, D., Donley, T., Tan, N., Jean-Louis, G., Kiely Gouley, K., & Seixas, A. (2021). Adolescent Peer Influence On Eating Behaviors Via Social Media: Scoping Review. Journal Of Medical Internet Research, 23(6), E19697. Https://Doi.Org/10.2196/19697
Coimbra, S., Catarino, C., Nascimento, H., Inês Alves, A., Filipa Medeiros, A., Bronze-Da-Rocha, E., Costa, E., Rocha-Pereira, P., Aires, L., Seabra, A., Mota, J., Ferreira Mansilha, H., Rêgo, C., Santos-Silva, A., & Belo, L. (2017). Physical Exercise Intervention At School Improved Hepcidin, Inflammation, And Iron Metabolism In Overweight And Obese Children And Adolescents. Pediatric Research, 82(5), 781–788. Https://Doi.Org/10.1038/Pr.2017.139
Dewi, N. U., Khomsan, A., Dwiriani, C. M., Riyadi, H., Ekayanti, I., Hartini, D. A., & Fadjriyah, R. N. (2023). Factors Associated With Diet Quality Among Adolescents In A Post-Disaster Area: A Cross-Sectional Study In Indonesia. Nutrients, 15(5), 1101. Https://Doi.Org/10.3390/Nu15051101
Dzul Istiqomah Hasyim. (2018). (PDF) Pengetahuan, Sosial Ekonomi, Pola Makan, Pola Haid, Status Gizi Dan Aktivitas Fisik Dengan Kejadian Anemia Pada Remaja Putri. Jurnal Keperawatan Dan Kebidanan Aisyiyah, 14. Https://Doi.Org/10.31101/Jkk.544
Fitria, S., & Yulita, N. (2021). IMPLEMENTASI SENAM KESEHATAN REPRODUKSI TERHADAP KEBUGARAN JASMNI REMAJA PUTRI. 2.
Galeano-Rojas, D., Cuadros-Juárez, M., León Reyes, B. B., Castelo Reyna, M. A., Farías-Valenzuela, C., & Valdivia-Moral, P. (2024). Association Between Academic Performance, Physical Activity, And Academic Stress In Compulsory Secondary Education: An Analysis By Sex. Children, 11(10), 1161. Https://Doi.Org/10.3390/Children11101161
Helmyati, S., Syarifa, C. A., Rizana, N. A., Sitorus, N. L., & Pratiwi, D. (2024). Penerimaan Program Tablet Tambah Darah Pada Remaja Putri Di Indonesia. Amerta Nutrition, 7(3SP), 50–61. Https://Doi.Org/10.20473/Amnt.V7i3sp.2023.50-61
Itriyeva, K. (2022). The Effects Of Obesity On The Menstrual Cycle. Current Problems In Pediatric And Adolescent Health Care, 52(8), 101241. Https://Doi.Org/10.1016/J.Cppeds.2022.101241
Jha, N., Bhadoria, A., Bahurupi, Y., Gawande, K., Jain, B., Chaturvedi, J., & Kishore, S. (2020). Psychosocial And Stress-Related Risk Factors For Abnormal Menstrual Cycle Pattern Among Adolescent Girls: A Case-Control Study. Journal Of Education And Health Promotion, 9(1), 313. Https://Doi.Org/10.4103/Jehp.Jehp_419_20
Kemenkes. (2022a). Gerakan Nasional Aksi Bergizi. Https://Ayosehat.Kemkes.Go.Id/Agenda-Kegiatan/Gerakan-Nasional-Aksi-Bergizi?Utm_Source=Chatgpt.Com
Kemenkes. (2022b). Remaja Bebas Anemia: Konsentrasi Belajar Meningkat, Bebas Prestasi. Https://Ayosehat.Kemkes.Go.Id/Remaja-Bebas-Anemia-Konsentrasi-Belajar-Meningkat-Bebas-Prestasi
Khonsary, S. A. (2017). Guyton And Hall: Textbook Of Medical Physiology. Surgical Neurology International, 8, 275. Https://Doi.Org/10.4103/Sni.Sni_327_17
Liu, Y., Lu, Y., Wang, H., Tian, E., Su, X., Su, S., Zhou, W., & Gao, Y. (2025). The Influence Of Physical Exercise On Adolescents’ Negative Emotions: The Chain Mediating Role Of Academic Stress And Sleep Quality. BMC Pediatrics, 25(1), 442. Https://Doi.Org/10.1186/S12887-025-05803-5
Moustarah, F., & Daley, S. F. (2025). Dietary Iron. In Statpearls. Statpearls Publishing. Http://Www.Ncbi.Nlm.Nih.Gov/Books/NBK540969/
None, A., S, M., Cm, D., & R, K. (2020). Determinant Of Highschool Girl Adolescent’ Adherence To Consume Iron Folic Acid Supplementation In Kota Depok. Journal Of Nutritional Science And Vitaminology, 66(Supplement). Https://Doi.Org/10.3177/Jnsv.66.S369
Nurjanah, A., & Azinar, M. (2023). Kepatuhan Konsumsi Tablet Tambah Darah Remaja Putri Pada Sekolah Percontohan Kesehatan Reproduksi Dan Seksualitas. HIGEIA (Journal Of Public Health Research And Development), 7(2), Article 2. Https://Doi.Org/10.15294/Higeia.V7i2.64227
Qulistan Balqis Ulwani, Ronald Pratama Adiwinoto, Lena Wijayaningrum, & Stefanus Djoni Husodo. (2025). (PDF) Exploring The Threads Of Youth: Stress, BMI, And Menstrual Health In Hang Tuah 2 Senior High School, Sidoarjo. Researchgate. Https://Doi.Org/10.47679/Jchs.202597
Rahmadani, R. A., Wahyuni, R., Arda, D., Musrah, A. S., & Sabriana, R. (2023). Socioeconomic Factors With Nutritional Status Of Toddlers. Jurnal Ilmiah Kesehatan Sandi Husada, 12(2), 445–451. Https://Doi.Org/10.35816/Jiskh.V12i2.1115.
Rahmadona, R. (2022). The Effect Of Temvita Cookies As A Healthy Snack On Haemoglobin Levels Of Adolescents With Anemia. Photon: Jurnal Sain Dan Kesehatan, 12(2). Https://Doi.Org/10.37859/Jp.V12i2.3703.
Salim, L., Silitonga, H., Nurmala, I., Muthmainnah, M., Devi, Y., Salsabila, A., & Restuti, D. (2025). The Effect Of Self Identity On Increasing Iron Tablet Adherence Among High School Adolescent Girls Through Health Belief Model As Mediator Variables. Journal Of Multidisciplinary Healthcare, Volume 18, 4173–4183. Https://Doi.Org/10.2147/Jmdh.S527641.
Sari, P., Judistiani, R. T. D., Herawati, D. M. D., Dhamayanti, M., &
Hilmanto, D. (2022). Iron Deficiency Anemia And Associated Factors Among Adolescent Girls And Women In A Rural Area Of Jatinangor, Indonesia. International Journal Of Women’s Health, 14, 1137–1147. Https://Doi.Org/10.2147/IJWH.S376023
Siabani, S., & Arya, M. M. (2018). Determinants Of Compliance With Iron And Folate Supplementation Among Pregnant Women In West Iran: A Population Based Cross-Sectional Study.
Silangen, J. P. (2025). Anemia Remaja Putri Indonesia Capai 15,5 Persen. Rri.Co.Id - Portal Berita Terpercaya. Https://Rri.Co.Id/Kesehatan/1280888/Anemia-Remaja-Putri-Indonesia-Capai-15-5-Persen
Silitonga, H. T. H., Salim, L. A., Nurmala, I., & Wartiningsih, M. (2023). Compliance Of Iron Supplementation And Determinants Among Adolescent Girls: A Systematic Review. Iranian Journal Of Public Health, 52(1), 37–48. Https://Doi.Org/10.18502/Ijph.V52i1.11664
Towantja, A. A., & Ferianto, F. (2024). Implementasi Kebijakan Pencegahan Stunting Di Kelurahan Talise Valangguni Kecamatan Mantikulore Kota Palu. 01(03).
UNICEF. (2021). Meningkatkan Gizi Remaja Di Indonesia.
Vironika, T., Audhah, N. A., Shadiqi, M. A., Panghiyangani, R., &
Nugroho, A. (2024). Faktor - Faktor Yang Berhubungan Dengan Anemia Pada Remaja Putri. Prepotif : Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat, 8(3), 6150–6158. Https://Doi.Org/10.31004/Prepotif.V8i3.35617
WHO. (2020). WHO Guidelines On Physical Activity And Sedentary Behaviour. Https://Www.Who.Int/Publications/I/Item/9789240015128
WHO. (2025). Anaemia. Https://Www.Who.Int/News-Room/Fact-Sheets/Detail/Anaemia
World Health Organization. (2016). Guideline: Daily Iron Supplementation In Adult Women And Adolescent Girls. World Health Organization. Https://Iris.Who.Int/Handle/10665/204761
World Health Organization. (2023). Anaemia. Https://Www.Who.Int/News-Room/Fact-Sheets/Detail/Anaemia
Yulia Warda & Adhila Fayasari. (2021). (PDF) Konsumsi Pangan Dan Bioavailabilitas Zat Besi Berhubungan Dengan Status Anemia Remaja Putri Di Jakarta Timur. Https://Www.Researchgate.Net/Publication/350099058_Konsumsi_Pangan_Dan_Bioavailabilitas_Zat_Besi_Berhubungan_Dengan_Status_Anemia_Remaja_Putri_Di_Jakarta_Timur
Yunarsih, Y., & Antono, S. D. (2017). Hubungan Pola Menstruasi Dengan Kejadian Anemia Pada Remaja Putri Kelas VII SMPN 6 Kediri. Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan, 3(1), Article 1. Https://Doi.Org/10.32831/Jik.V3i1.42
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
Categories
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Cindy Klaodia Amaliah, Fitriyani
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
